Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is increasingly gaining attention in India, both in public discourse and within healthcare frameworks. According to recent estimates, a 2021 study published in the Indian Journal of Pediatrics around 1 in 68 children in India are affected by autism. Despite growing awareness, a significant gap remains in understanding the condition, leading to the persistence of numerous Autism myths and misconceptions. In this article, we aim to debunk ten prevalent autism myths in India. Each myth is explored in detail, with explanations grounded in scientific research and evidence-based sources to ensure accurate understanding.
10 Common Autism Myths You Need to Know Now
Myth: Autism is caused by bad parenting:
This myth is a relic of outdated theories, such as the “refrigerator mother” hypothesis, which suggested that a lack of maternal warmth caused autism. However, extensive research has debunked this notion. Autism is now understood as a neurodevelopmental disorder that arises from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, not from parenting style. Studies have identified various genetic mutations and prenatal factors that contribute to the development of autism, further distancing the condition from any parental influence. (Source)
Myth: Vaccines cause autism:
This myth originated from a now-debunked study published by Andrew Wakefield in 1998, which falsely linked the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine to autism. Subsequent research has thoroughly discredited this study, and numerous large-scale studies have found no connection between vaccines and autism. The retraction of Wakefield’s study and the overwhelming evidence supporting vaccine safety have not fully quelled public fears, making this myth persistent.
A 2014 meta-analysis of 1.25 million children found no association between vaccines and autism. (Source). The MMR vaccination rate dropped in many countries following the Wakefield study, leading to outbreaks of measles.
Myth: All individuals with autism have intellectual disabilities:
Autism is a spectrum disorder, meaning it manifests differently in each individual. While some people with autism may have intellectual disabilities, many have average or above-average intelligence. In fact, some individuals with autism exhibit exceptional skills in specific areas, such as mathematics, art, or music. The misconception that all individuals with autism have intellectual disabilities often leads to underestimation of their abilities and potential.
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The term “savant syndrome” describes a condition in which an individual with autism exhibits extraordinary abilities in specific areas, despite challenges in other domains. Recent studies indicate that approximately 35-47% of children and adolescents with ASD have an IQ of 70 or below. This suggests that more than half of children with ASD have an IQ above 70, meaning a significant portion of these children are able to attend mainstream schools. (Source)
Myth: Autism can be outgrown
Autism is a lifelong condition, and while early intervention and therapies can significantly improve skills and quality of life, autism itself does not go away. The belief that autism can be outgrown is often fueled by stories of individuals who no longer meet the criteria for an autism diagnosis after intensive therapy. However, these individuals still face challenges related to autism, even if they manage them better over time
A study found that while some children with autism no longer meet diagnostic criteria as they age, they continue to require support in other areas. Early intervention has been shown to improve outcomes for individuals with autism, but it does not “cure” the condition.
Myth: People with autism do not feel emotions:
One of the most common Autism myths, this myth likely stems from misunderstandings about how individuals with autism express emotions. People with autism can experience a full range of emotions, but they may have difficulty expressing or interpreting emotions in ways that others can easily recognize. This can lead to the false impression that they are unfeeling or detached.
One in five autistic individuals have alexithymia. Those with alexithymia may find it difficult to identify, understand, and describe their emotions. They may also struggle to express or experience emotions that are typically considered socially appropriate, such as showing happiness during a joyous occasion.
Research shows that individuals with autism often experience heightened emotional sensitivity and may feel emotions more intensely than their neurotypical peers. Difficulty in recognizing or responding to social cues does not equate to a lack of emotion, but rather a different way of processing social information.
Myth: Autism only affects boys:
While it is true that autism is more commonly diagnosed in boys, this does not mean it only affects males. Research suggests that girls with autism may be underdiagnosed because they often exhibit different symptoms or develop coping mechanisms that mask their condition. This has led to a growing awareness of the need to understand how autism manifests differently in girls.
Boys are about four times more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls, but recent studies suggest that the gender ratio may be closer to 3:1 when considering the subtler presentations in girls. Girls with autism are more likely to be misdiagnosed with conditions like anxiety or ADHD, further contributing to under diagnosis.
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Myth: Autism is a rare condition:
Autism is not a rare condition. It affects millions of people worldwide, including a significant number in India. The perception of autism as rare may stem from a lack of awareness or the relatively recent increase in diagnosis rates, partly due to better diagnostic criteria and greater recognition of the condition.
In the United States, the CDC estimates that about 1 in 36 children are diagnosed with autism, highlighting its prevalence. In India, approximately 18 million individuals are estimated to be on the autism spectrum, though exact numbers are difficult to ascertain due to varying diagnostic practices.
Myth: People with autism cannot live independently
The level of independence varies among individuals with autism. While some may require ongoing support, many can live independently, work, and lead fulfilling lives. With the right resources and support systems, individuals with autism can develop the skills needed for independence. It’s crucial to recognize and nurture their strengths rather than focusing solely on their challenges.
Studies indicate that with adequate support, around 17% of adults with autism live independently, while others may live semi-independently with some support. Employment programs and supported living arrangements have been successful in helping individuals with autism achieve greater independence.
Myth: Autism is a mental illness:
Autism is classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder, not a mental illness. This distinction is important because it frames autism as a difference in brain development rather than a psychiatric condition. However, individuals with autism may also have co-occurring mental health conditions, such as anxiety or depression, which require separate treatment.
The DSM-5 classifies autism as a neurodevelopmental disorder, distinct from mental illnesses like schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Co-occurring mental health conditions are common in individuals with autism, with estimates suggesting that up to 70% of people with autism have at least one co-occurring mental health condition.
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Myth: Special diets can cure autism.
There is no scientific evidence to support the idea that special diets, such as gluten-free or casein-free diets, can cure autism. While some individuals with autism may have food sensitivities or gastrointestinal issues that can be managed with dietary changes, these are not cures for autism itself. The focus should be on evidence-based therapies and interventions rather than unproven dietary treatments.
A review of dietary interventions found no conclusive evidence that special diets improve core symptoms of autism. Families should approach dietary changes with caution and consult healthcare professionals to ensure nutritional needs are met.
These are some of the most common autism myths. Have you come across another myth surrounding ASD – please do share in the comment box.
